Field Trips Guide Books - From P55 to PW06

P55 - ALPINE-TYPE LAKES IN ITALY AND SWITZERLAND: GEOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT
F. Anselmetti, S. Bernasconi, A.M. Michetti, L. Vezzoli, V. Comerci, D. Fanetti, F. Giardina, F. Anselmetti & S. Bernasconi
This field trip to the lakes of Como and Luzern (Northern Italy and Switzerland) will present, compare and discuss subacqueous and subaerial geology, geomorphology, geophysics, geochemistry and sedimentology of alpine-type lacustrine environments. The lake sedimentary infill contains archives of latest Quaternary climate changes and tectonic deformation, including evidence for extreme hydrologic and paleoseismic events. First, the trip will examine the morphological and sedimentological evidences for the lake history in the key area of Como and Cernobbio. Then, for both lakes, the limnogeological and environmental data will be presented and compared  with structure and evolution processes of the surrounding mountain slopes. The trip is also of general interest for viewing a geological and environmental alpine transect with a lacustrine perspective.

P56 - MILANKOVITCH CYCLES AS A GEOCHRONOMETRIC TOOL TO CONSTRUCT GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALES
F. Hilgen
The main goal of this field trip will be to demonstrate the principle of the astronomical dating method in the field by visiting the classical marine sections of the Miocene and Pliocene age on Sicily. All the sections played a crucial role in developing the astronomical (polarity) time scale for the Mediterranean Neogene, which already underlies the standard geological time scale for the Pliocene. Such a time scale is based on the correlation of sedimentary (Milankovitch) cycles, or other cyclic variations in paleoclimatic records, to computed astronomical curves, which describe past variations in the Earth's orbital parameters (precession, obliquity and eccentricity). The sections are all the more important because all Pliocene stage boundaries are defined in these sections and, as a consequence, are incorporated in the standard time scale by means of firstorder calibrations. A secondary but by no means less important goal will be the application of the new time scale in paleoclimatic studies directed at understanding the astronomical forcing of (Mediterranean) climate.

P60 - THE CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY (K-T) BOUNDARY IN ELLES AND THE OTHER TUNISIAN OUTCROPS
D. Zaghbib-Turki & N. Karoui-Yaakoub
Because the exposures along the El Kef section designated by the International Geological Committee (IGC, Washington, 1992) as the Stratotype of the K/T boundary are not very satisfactory, we have focused our efforts on looking for the best K/T transition outcrop. The latter should have all the well-preserved characteristics of the K/T boundary and be easily accessible for field trip participants. Then, since the 1997 IAS meeting, we have compiled many results (especially biostratigraphical, geochemical and mineralogical data) concerning the Oued El Melah and the Elles sections. These results confirm that the latter can offer an alternative neostratotype or a parastratotype of the K/T boundary. The Elles section exhibits continuous sedimentary deposits with well-developed biostratigraphical biozones of the K/T transition. Compared with those of the Stratotype (El Kef section) they are slightly better developed, and the Elles K/T transition deposits are more laterally extended in outcrop without any tectonic deformation or hiatus. The Oued El Melah section also exhibits an interesting K/T complete transition.

P61 - MONTE ARGENTARIO AND ISOLA DEL GIGLIO (SOUTHERN TUSCANY,ITALY): A RECORD FROM CONTINENTAL BREAK-UP TO SUBDUCTION, OROGENIC WEDGE FORMATION, AND POST-OROGENIC EXTENSION
J. Reinhardt & F. Rossetti
The Monte Argentario promontory and the Island of Giglio represent a key area for the reconstruction of the Mesozoic and post-Mesozoic geological history of the Northern Tyrrhenian region. Exposures show a large spectrum of Mesozoic rocks of continental and oceanic provenance that form a tectonic assemblage of ophiolite-bearing melange, Verrucano red beds, and zones of carbonate breccia. Apart from the breccia, all tectonic units contain high-pressure metamorphic minerals. Amidst the spectacular coastal scenery of Southern Tuscany, participants will see the evidence, from micro-scale to  regional-scale, revealing the tectono-metamorphic evolution at the western margin of the Northern Apennine orogenic belt. The field trip will consider the regional geological framework, while putting the focus on local structural and petrological aspects, in particular those that relate to subduction, thrusting, extension and exhumation.

P64 - GEOLOGICAL SETTING, HAZARDS  AND URBAN GROWTH IN SOME HISTORICAL TOWNS IN ITALY
D. Berti, E. Esposito, C. Giusti, G.M. Luberti, L. Piccardi, S. Porfido, C. Violante & E. Vittori
This multidisciplinary field trip will focus especially on the influence (or lack of influence) of geology and geohazards on urban planning in some of the most renowned towns but also in less known but enticing spots of Italy. Therefore, cultural interest is guaranteed. Italian towns display a great variety of geological-geomorphological settings, and have experienced with time many extreme natural events, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, or relatively slow phenomena such as subsidence. All this has strongly affected the urban texture, occasionally determining the decay of towns, more often the search for appropriate technical solutions and the flourishing of architectural and urban planning masterpieces, especially during the richest artistic periods. The field trip will provide the participants a chance to visit several Italian art-filled towns, discovering not only their beauty but also the geological and geomorphological ground underneath and how this has influenced urban choices up to the 20th century. We believe this is a unique opportunity to discover how the arts and nature have blended in world artistic heritage sites such as Florence, Naples, Rome and Venice.

P65 - BASIN AND RANGE IN THE CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN APENNINES
A.M. Blumetti, L. Guerrieri, M.G. Angeli, C. Bisci, F. Dramis, B. Gentili, P. Marsan, A.M. Michetti, F. Pontoni, G. Pambianchi, L. Serva, S. Silvestri & E.Tondi
The progressive gathering of an extensive amount of data in the last decade has revealed the details of post-Miocene history of continental rifting in the Apennines. This field trip will review the geological evidence for active crustal extension in the Central and Southern Apennines. In particular, due to the wealth of stratigraphic, geomorphic and paleoseismic analyses now available for the late Pleistocene to Holocene time interval, we have an entirely new knowledge about the recent  behavior of the system of active, capable, normal faults which is responsible for the high seismicity of the region as well as for major control on the immature Basin and Range topography (in terms of earthquake surface faulting, mountain building, slope evolution and gravity deformation, drainage patterns development, intermountain basin growth and filling, hydrogeological and karst features) of the Apennines mountain belt. Emphasis will be given to the Quaternary, and especially the Holocene, tectonics and surface-process interactions, integrated observations of the recent landscape evolution, and the related understanding of natural hazards (including ground motion, ground rupture, and large landslides) and risk mitigation strategies.

P66 - GEOTRAVERSE ACROSS THE CALABRIA-PELORITANI TERRANE (SOUTHERN ITALY)
G. Bonardi, A. Caggianelli, S. Critelli, A. Messina, P. Acquafredda, G. Carbone, G. Careri, R.Cirrincione, M. D 'Errico, R. Dominici, V. Festa, A. Iannace, E. Macaione, S. Mazzoli, P. Notaro, M. Parente, F. Perri, E. Piluso, R. Somma, M. Sonnino & S. Vitale.
The aim of this field trip will be to show the structure and the tectono-metamorphic evolution of the orogenic sector - formed by a stack of ophiolitic and crystalline basement nappes - interposed between the South Apenninic and Sicilian-Maghrebian chains and known as the Calabria-Peloritani Arc. It corresponds to a composite terrane, resulting from the juxtaposition of two subterranes, that collided during the Miocene with the Apulian and Ragusan continental margins at its north and south extremities respectively, whereas its central part presently overrides the subducted Ionian oceanic lithosphere to the east. Some cross-sections will be examined to illustrate and compare the accretionary history of the two subterrranes, highlighting the similarities with other sectors of the Western Mediterranean Chains. The northern subterrane also offers the opportunity to observe the geodynamic evolution of a continental margin from the Triassic rifting and Jurassic oceanic opening to the Cretaceous-Tertiary convergence. The petrological characteristics of the basement of some nappes will also be analyzed, among which a variscan metamorphism prograde from anchizone to amphibolite facies and a continuous section from mantle-crust boundary to upper crust. The compositional and structural features of Late Variscan granitoids, intruded both in the upper and in the intermediate crust will be examined. The itinerary unfolds itself entirely in Magna Grecia through scenic landscapes and will allow the participants to visit some archeological sites and the historic village of Stilo with its famous Byzantine chapel "La Cattolica".

P67 - ACTIVE VOLCANISM AND RELATED EVENTS IN CAMPANIA: PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EFFECTS OF EXPLOSIVE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND PEOPLE
G. Mastrolorenzo, L. Pappalardo, I. Ricciardi & P. P. Petrone
The volcanic areas of Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei were the focus of early volcanology and still represent a natural laboratory for the development of volcanological studies. We will visit the classical sites of Pompei (archeological excavations) and Herculaneum, the crater of Vesuvius, the Vesuvius Observatory ( the oldest observatory in the world) and the Campi Flegrei area. Catastrophic explosive eruptions of Vesuvius and bradyseismic movements in Campi Flegrei drew the attention of many researchers, including William Hamilton and Charles Lyell. The effects of these events are recorded in the stratigraphy, easily recognized in the archeological sites and widely discussed in classical literature. Selected stratigraphic sections describe the volcanological history of the area and the effects of the explosive events on human settlements.

P68 -  THE LATE TRIASSIC-EARLY JURASSIC OF THE LOMBARDY BASIN: STRATIGRAPHY, PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEONTOLOGY
F. Jadoul,  M.T. Galli, ,F. Berra, S. Birilli, P. Ronchi & A. Paganoni
The aim of this field trip will be to illustrate the stratigraphical, sedimentological and paleontological setting of the Norian to Hettangian succession of the Lombardy Basin (Western Southern Alps), one of the best preserved successions of the Western Tethys Domain.  It will be possible to observe the lateral transition among the different facies of the Norian carbonate depositional system (passage from inner platform, to the peculiar margin facies of the Dolomia Principale, rich in serpulids and microbialites, to the slope and the basinal facies, locally yielding rich vertebrate fauna consisting of fish and both marine and terrestrial reptiles). In the late Norian-Hettangian the former depositional system evolves in a mixed ramp system (with an important input of shales) organized in shallowing upward asymmetric cycles. Particular attention will be paid to the well-exposed Triassic-Jurassic boundary  (high resolution palinostratigraphy, chemostratigraphy and facies analysis) where biostratigraphical and sedimentological evidence indicates an important paleogeographic climate change before the development of the Hettangian bahamian type platform. During the field trip, a stop will be made at the E. Caffi Natural History Museum (Bergamo), where fossils from the succession visited are exhibited, together with a rich collection of fossils from the entire Lombardy Basin. It will also be possible (optional excursion) to visit the "Natural Park of Rock Art" in Val Camonica (archeological Unesco site, with unique rock art dating back to the Copper age, carved on rock abraded by the passage of the Pleistocene Camuno Glacier).

P69 - EUROPEAN SUBCONTINENTAL  MANTLE AS REVEALED BY NEOGENE VOLCANIC ROCKS AND MANTLE XENOLITHS OF SARDINIA
M. Lustrino, P. Brotzu, L. Franciosi, R. Lonis, L. Melluso & V. Morra
During the Neogene to late Pleistocene, the island of Sardinia was subjected to two different volcanic cycles. The first, dated Oligocene-Miocene produced a huge amount of tholeiitic to calcalkaline volcanic and pyroclastic rocks. After a magmatic quiescence of  about 10 Ma a new volcanic cycle (Plio-Pleistocene in age) developed on the island with the formation of products with within-plate geochemical features. The products of these two volcanic cycles belong to the so-called Cenozoic European Volcanic Province (CEVP) and show some of the most extreme geochemical features ever recorded among these products. Mantle xenoliths are often associated to the Plio-Pleistocene alkaline lavas. Their composition range from lherzolite to harzburgite, dunite and pyroxenite. The field trip aims to: 1) show evidence of the temporal change between orogenic (s.l.) and anorogenic (s.l.) volcanic activities, often recorded in other volcanic regions of the Mediterranean area (Turkey, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Spain, France, Pannonian Basin, and so on), thus providing a stimulus for other European scientists; 2) discuss the composition of the lithospheric mantle as revealed by the composition of the mantle xenoliths and the geochemistry of the host lavas, visiting the most interesting type-localities; 3) highlight the various styles of eruption (ignimbrite, lava domes, basaltic plateaux, volcanic necks, pillow lavas, and so on).

P70 - A CRUSTAL SECTION THROUGH INTRUSIVE AND EFFUSIVE VOLCANIC COMPLEXES OF THE TUSCAN MAGMATIC PROVINCE (CENTRAL ITALY)
G. Poli, D. Perugini, S. Rocchi & A. Dini
The Tuscan Magmatic Province is an outstanding natural laboratory for understanding geological and structural features related to the emplacement of plutonic and volcanic complexes, and to study dynamical and geochemical mechanisms acting during magma interaction. The aim of this field trip will be to provide a crustal section through the Miocene-Pliocene intrusive complexes and the Pliocene-Pleistocene volcanic rocks of the Tuscan Magmatic Province. It will focus on magmatic structures in granitic rocks and the origin of pluton zonation, magma emplacement in the shallow crust, enclaves and magma mixing/mingling in granitoid and volcanic rocks, compositional diversity of magmatism versus source rocks, crustal melting and the origin of silicic melts. The variability of mantle- and crust-derived magmas coexisting in space and time in the Tuscan Magmatic Province will provide the basis for searching discussions about possible end-members involved in the interaction processes, also in relationship with the geodynamic style of the region from Miocene to Recent. The field trip will start with an excursion to the monzogranites of Monte Capanne (Island of Elba), continuing with granitoid masses constituting the Islands of Montecristo and Giglio, and then focusing the last part of the field trip on volcanic rocks cropping out in the area of San Vincenzo and Roccastrada. The Tuscan Magmatic Province is linked with the genesis of ore deposits, that have been exploited for three millennia, and contributed to developing civilization in this part of the Mediterranean Sea during Etruscan times.

P71 - GEOLOGICAL SETTING OF ALBANIAN OPHIOLITIC BELT (ALBANIA)
S. Meco & A. Sinojmeri
The subject of this field trip will be the new knowledge of the petrology and related metalogenesis of Albanian ophiolites and contact zones. Albanian ophiolites represent the outcrop of one of the most complete sections of an ophiolitic complex.The geographic area is the eastern part of Albania (western Balkan Peninsula). This field trip will also be of historical interest from the Middle Ages up to the present. Main goals: Ophiolites geology, petrology and metalogenesis; secondary goals: historical and cultural interest.

BW02 - EXTRUSIVE CARBONATITES AND THEIR MEANING: THE CASE OF ITALY
F. Stoppa, G. Rosatelli, G. Vichi & C. Principe
The field workshop will focus on the Pleistocene extrusive carbonatites occurring in the Intramontane Ultralkaline Province (IUP) of Italy: S. Venanzo, Polino, Cupaello, Oricola and Vulture. It will be an opportunity to see these crucial rocks and to discuss the latest scientific progress in this field. This workshop will start and end in Florence.

PW01 - LOW-ANGLE NORMAL FAULTING TWENTY YEARS AFTER
F. Brozzetti, R. E. Holdsworth & L. Jolivet
The aim will be to discuss LANFs, with emphasis on their geometry, mechanics and seismogenic role, 20 years after the 1984 GSA meeting (Nevada) on this topic. The workshop will be a 6-day excursion from Elba and Corsica islands to Western Umbria. Participants will be invited to present data and ideas on LANFs and will have the opportunity to visit and discuss well-exposed late Miocene to Quaternary LANFs. This workshop will start and end in Florence.

PW06 - GEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL HAZARDS OF MAJOR NATURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONUMENTS
I. Bruchev, G. Frangov, N. Dobrev & A. Lakov
This field workshop will illustrate important sites on the World Heritage List of UNESCO (the Thracian Tomb at Sveshtari - 5th century BC; Madara Horseman relief 7th century; Ivanovo rock church - 12 th - 14 th century). Attention will be paid to natural (seismicity, erosion, landslides and rockfalls) and human-induced hazards, which endanger important natural and
archeological monuments. This workshop will start and end in Varna.